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| Paradigm | multi-paradigm: imperative, object oriented |
|---|---|
| Developer | Rick Becker, Allan Wilks, John Chambers |
| First appeared | 1976; 45 years ago |
| Typing discipline | dynamic, strong |
| License | depends on implementation |
| Website | ect.bell-labs.com/sl/S/ at the Wayback Machine (archived 2018-10-14) |
| Major implementations | |
| R, S-PLUS | |
| Influenced by | |
| C, APL, PPL, Fortran | |
Mac gaming refers to the use of video games on Macintosh personal computers. In the 1990s, Apple computers did not attract the same level of video game development as Microsoft Windows computers due to the high popularity of Microsoft Windows and, for 3D gaming, Microsoft's DirectX technology. In recent years, the introduction of Mac OS X and support for Intel processors has eased porting of.
S is a statistical programming language developed primarily by John Chambers and (in earlier versions) Rick Becker and Allan Wilks of Bell Laboratories. The aim of the language, as expressed by John Chambers, is 'to turn ideas into software, quickly and faithfully'.[1]
The modern implementation of S is R, a part of the GNU free software project. S-PLUS, a commercial product, was formerly sold by TIBCO Software.[citation needed]
History[edit]
'Old S'[edit]
S is one of several statistical computing languages that were designed at Bell Laboratories, and first took form between 1975–1976.[2] Up to that time, much of the statistical computing was done by directly calling Fortran subroutines; however, S was designed to offer an alternate and more interactive approach. Early design decisions that hold even today include interactive graphics devices (printers and character terminals at the time), and providing easily accessible documentation for the functions.
The first working version of S was built in 1976, and operated on the GCOS operating system. At this time, S was unnamed, and suggestions included ISCS (Interactive SCS), SCS (Statistical Computing System), and SAS (Statistical Analysis System) (which was already taken: see SAS System). The name 'S' (used with single quotation marks until 1979) was chosen, as it was a common letter in the suggestions and consistent with other programming languages designed from the same institution at the time (namely the C programming language).[2]
When UNIX/32V was ported to the (then new) 32-bit DECVAX, computing on the Unix platform became feasible for S. In late 1979, S was ported from GCOS to UNIX, which would become the new primary platform.
In 1980 the first version of S was distributed outside Bell Laboratories and in 1981 source versions were made available.[2] In 1984 two books were published by the research team at Bell Laboratories: S: An Interactive Environment for Data Analysis and Graphics[3] (1984 Brown Book) and Extending the S System.[4] Also, in 1984 the source code for S became licensed through AT&T Software Sales for education and commercial purposes.
'New S'[edit]
By 1988, many changes were made to S and the syntax of the language. The New S Language[5] (1988 Blue Book) was published to introduce the new features, such as the transition from macros to functions and how functions can be passed to other functions (such as apply). Many other changes to the S language were to extend the concept of 'objects', and to make the syntax more consistent (and strict). However, many users found the transition to New S difficult, since their macros needed to be rewritten. Many other changes to S took hold, such as the use of X11 and PostScript graphics devices, rewriting many internal functions from Fortran to C, and the use of double precision (only) arithmetic. The New S language is very similar to that used in modern versions of S-PLUS and R.
In 1991, Statistical Models in S[6] (1991 White Book) was published, which introduced the use of formula-notation[7] (which use the '~' operator), data frame objects, and modifications to the use of object methods and classes.
S4[edit]
The latest version of the S standard is S4, released in 1998.[8] It provides advanced object-oriented features. S4 classes differ markedly from S3 classes; S4 formally defines the representation and inheritance for each class, and has multiple dispatch: the generic function can be dispatched to a method based on the class of any number of arguments, not just one.[9]
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References[edit]
- ^Chambers, John M (1998). Programming with Data: A Guide to the S Language. Springer. ISBN978-0-387-98503-9.
- ^ abcBecker, Richard A., A Brief History of S, Murray Hill, New Jersey: AT&T Bell Laboratories, archived from the original(PS) on 2015-07-23, retrieved 2015-07-23
- ^Becker, R.A.; Chambers, J.M. (1984). S: An Interactive Environment for Data Analysis and Graphics. Pacific Grove, CA, USA: Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole. ISBN0-534-03313-X.
- ^Becker, R.A.; Chambers, J.M. (1985). Extending the S System. Pacific Grove, CA, USA: Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole. ISBN0-534-05016-6.
- ^Becker, R.A.; Chambers, J.M.; Wilks, A.R. (1988). The New S Language: A Programming Environment for Data Analysis and Graphics. Pacific Grove, CA, USA: Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole. ISBN0-534-09192-X.
- ^Chambers, J.M.; Hastie, T.J. (1991). Statistical Models in S. Pacific Grove, CA, USA: Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole. p. 624. ISBN0-412-05291-1.
- ^Wilkinsons, G.N.; Rogers, C.E. (1973). 'Symbolic description of factorial models for analysis of variance'. Applied Statistics. 22 (3): 392–399. doi:10.2307/2346786. JSTOR2346786.
- ^Chambers, John (January 1, 2001). 'The S System'. Bell Labs. Archived from the original on 2018-10-14.
- ^Wickham, Hadley (2019). 'S4'. Advanced R.adv-r.had.co.nz. ISBN9781466586963. Retrieved 2020-02-18.
External links[edit]
- Evolution of the S Language, by John M. Chambers, discusses the new features in Version 4 of S (in PostScript format)
Console gaming is pretty popular even today with multiple vendors selling gaming equipment of all kinds. If you’ve ever owned a PlayStation or a PSP, then you could easily relate to the joy one feels while gaming on them. Since consoles and their controllers are specially made for gaming alone, it’s plenty of fun to use them for having short or long gaming sessions.
If you don’t own a console anymore but have one of its controller(s) lying around, then you could make use of them again. You might wonder how that’s possible when you own a Mac device because it’s infamous for its inferior gaming quality. Truth is, the default hardware on a Mac system is quite capable of running most games. It’s only the developers who don’t often release games for the impressive Mac OS.
Here in this scenario, when the need for gaming overwhelms you, what you could do is use an emulator that can play hundreds of PlayStation games. The PS1 & PSP games are already praised for their quality visuals and also the vital ability to use consoles for playing single or multiplayer modes.
There is a popular PS & PSP emulator developed for the Mac platform which is known as the PPSSPP Emulator.
What is PPSSPP?
The “PPSSPP” stands for PlayStation Portable Simulator Suitable for Playing Portably. This emulator works in more than 30 languages. It can emulate PlayStation games on multiple platforms such as Mac, PC, and Android.
The PPSSPP emulator allows you multiple ways to load games. You can use the Homebrew store provided within the emulator to obtain game titles or use the compatible PS games already present in your local storage as ROM(s).
This emulator is inclusive of a host of features that could be tweaked to adjust performance in several of your favorite gaming titles. You could play at 1080p resolution and combine the magic of the Mac Display along with High Definition image quality to thrive in your games. Saving your progress is also possible with the ability to save up to 3-5 game states to later resume them at a better time.
You can also map keys, lock FPS and adjust other settings in-depth to extract maximum performance from the hardware of your system. Lastly, you can use either or both the keyboard and the external game controllers to play while you enjoy amazing high-quality sounds!
How to install PPSSPP on Mac?
The footprint of this brilliant emulator is just approximately 12 MB and it works on any Mac OS X device. Do remember to make some free disk space of approximately 5GB or less depending upon how many games you want to keep in your library. These packages that carry games are called ROMs which further contain the ISO file required to load the game.
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Now to begin, you’ll be required to already have the SDL framework installed on our system which could be done using the Homebrew installer.
To set up a Homebrew installer on your system, you’ll need to run a command in your Terminal application. Copy exactly the provided command or you’ll risk hampering your system and it’s core files.
ruby –e “$(curl –fsSL
You’ll also need to have the Xcode command line tools installed in your system to run this code which if not found, will then be automatically downloaded and installed in your system.
Lastly, use the below-mentioned command in the Terminal window to initiate the installation process for running PPSSPP on Mac.
brew install sdll2
Once you’ve installed the PPSSPP on your Mac device, browse and download all the compatible game ROM(s) for the emulator by using independent websites.
How to run PSP games on Mac
There are two methods to obtain PSP games and play them using the PPSSPP emulator on Mac.
Using ROM(s)
- Extract your downloaded ROM(s) by using an unzipping software to acquire the required ‘ISO’ file.
- Copy or Move the ISO file to the game directory or head to the home screen for installing it.
- Run the emulator and find your added games to start playing them!
Homebrew Store
- Locate the store on the top left corner of the menu-bar of the PPSSPP emulator.
- Search and pick the game of your desire to start downloading it and to make it readily available to play.
Final Words
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The developers of the PPSSPP emulator are consistently working on their program to provide you more updates which will allow you to play thousands of High-Quality games and maintain a large gaming library. The additional boon that this application is multilingual makes it the perfect choice for all global gamers.